For a government that has been taking an increasingly strict line on drugs it's an embarrassing revelation, as shocking as it is intriguing: a new best-selling book in the Netherlands reveals the country supplied all sides fighting in the First World War with grade A cocaine.
Conny Braam stumbled across the information while she was researching the Dutch cultivation of opium over the centuries, discovering the country was home to the biggest ever cocaine "factory" in Europe. Not only that, given that the Netherlands was a neutral country, it took the shrewd decision to promote the drug on both sides of the conflict, convincing all those involved that cocaine was the ultimate weapon.
Listen to an interview with Conny Braam
Cocaine factory
Braam used her findings as the basis for a novel entitled The Dutch Cocaine Factory Sales Rep, relying on research carried out by a German scientist who in the 19th century tried out cocaine on soldiers and was enthusiastic about the results.
"He wrote about it, that this was the best thing to get soldiers fighting, because the feeling of hunger goes, you can go on for 24 hours, you can get very reckless and actually, in those circumstances, you become a real killing machine."
When it dawned on her that the Dutch had probably come to the same conclusion, the author dedicated two years to carrying out research in the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, investigating archives and documents. The Dutch factory opened in 1900 and originally produced an average of 14,000 kg of cocaine a year. But a surge in demand from military commanders after 1914 saw production rise to between 20,000 and 30,000 kg a year. And it wasn't expensive - one kilogram of cocaine cost 800 guilders on the open market. That's around 36 euro cents per gram, less than a hundredth of the price it goes for today.
(Photos: Collection IISG)
Reckless, crazy, idiotic
Conny Braam discovered reams of previously unseen correspondence between the Dutch government and those they supplied, as well as articles in pharmaceutical magazines describing the success of the drug.
"There are descriptions of people who used it and it’s not very different from those who use cocaine nowadays... It makes them reckless, it makes them crazy, idiotic, with no responsibility, nothing."
She estimates that hundreds of thousands of soldiers used the drug, but admits it is impossible to be sure of the figures because so many died during the war. Her guess is based on the number of addicts when fighting finished.
Her studies show it was unlikely the soldiers knew what it was they were taking, even though at the time the use of cocaine was less stigmatised than it is today.
"They all got a cup of rum before they went over the top and the cocaine might have been in the rum, because with alcohol it works doubly well. I think a lot of these soldiers had no idea. The only thing you could see was trench after trench, these hundreds and thousands of poor, poor soldiers were running like mad, straight into the fire of the German machine guns."
Phenomenal success
The novel has already proved phenomenally successful in Dutch bookshops and the author hopes it will be published in English next year. The reaction from readers has been overwhelmingly positive, not least because many can't believe the government's explicit involvement in the production of drugs. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the army has been less forthcoming when asked to respond.
During her research Conny Braam found the door slammed in her face whenever she mentioned the word 'cocaine' and eventually resorted to telling people she was researching the use of medicines during the war. She adds that she is waiting for a reaction from an army official - but that too could prove difficult given the controversial questions the book has led her to ask.
"I would like people to discuss this thing in view of the wars that are going in Iraq and Afghanistan. What do they give these poor guys there? What do they make available to them? People come to me - the book has been out a week - and already I've had so many people contact me and say: 'You have no idea what's going on these days.' Write a book about that."
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This is the first time that i heard of this at all. I am not sure what you would do with this. I hope not to see this in the future. orlando networks
Those times were far more different than what we use to see around us nowadays. When you read present articles about actual addicts on the internet, you find info about support groups and therapy measures and addiction rehabilitation. However, we have a normal peaceful life, we`re not at war to feel the need of growing our physical resilience. Why do we even need those things that destroy our health, that simply put our life on fast forward.
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Cocaine evokes a reaction today, but was used in all kinds of products in the old days. Ever hear of Coca Cola? During WW2 amephetamines were developed and dispensed by both sides. The drugging of troops goes on even today. Recruits in the USA are given shots to reduce their sex drive so they focus on training and not sex.
Wasn't cocaine the only local anaesthetic in those days? For dentists etc.
When my broken nose was reset, I got novocaine locally.
Where was the cocaine factory exactly?
That's shocking! I can't believe that Netherlands got away with this. Cocaine is a destructive drug, I image it had an important impact on both sides during the war. I doubt that the Duch also made sure that the soldiers get crack cocaine treatment after the war ended.
15 years ago I was selling alcoholic drinks for Seagrams here on Sint Maarten. Giving away promotion things like caps, sun shades, coasters and wall hangings I was the most popular visitor in many bars. It was there I was first introduced to cocaine. At the end of the evening when the barkeeper himself was getting tipsy he would invite me for a line in the bath room. That was when I found out why coke is so immensely popular. No matter how drunk I was, one line of the magic powder and I was sober right away. It lasted long enough to drive home alert, straight and very awake, and the next morning no hangover came. I found out that cocaine was sold in little street bars all over the island, over the counter. One had to hand over a $20 note asking for a Heineken Special, and in the hand that gave the bottle was a small plastic pack of cocaine. In broad daylight, with other people around, sitting in such place I saw these transactions taking place between all kind of people, from the highest ranking politicians to the lowest street sweeper. After a friend got killed by a drunk driver (who obviously had not used coke) I understood how dangerous alcohol is and I stopped selling it. Since then I have not tasted cocaine again. I think that with moderation an adult should be allowed to use it. It will stay popular as long as alcohol is popular, as it is the only real immediate antidote for drunkenness.
We definitely have a different perspective on cocaine these days and for good reasons.
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